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Open Martial Art Tournament San Antonio Texas November 4 2018

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Japanese martial art

Karate (空手)
Hanashiro Chomo.jpg

Chōmo Hanashiro, c.  1938

Also known equally Karate Practise (空手道)
Focus Striking
Hardness Full-contact, semi-contact, light-contact
State of origin Ryukyu Kingdom (Present day Okinawa prefecture, Japan)
Parenthood Indigenous martial arts of Ryukyu Islands, Chinese martial arts[i] [2]
Olympic sport Debuted in 2021
Karate
Karate WC Tampere 2006-1.jpg

Karate World Championship 2006 in Tampere, Finland; men'due south heavyweight final
Highest governing torso Earth Karate Federation
First developed Ryukyu Kingdom, ca. 17th century
Characteristics
Contact Yes
Mixed-sexual activity No
Blazon Martial fine art
Presence
Land or region Worldwide
Olympic Debuted in 2021
World Games 1981 – 2017
Karate
Karate (Chinese characters).svg

"Karate" in kanji

Japanese name
Kanji 空手
Hiragana からて
Katakana カラテ

Karate ( 空手 ) (; Japanese pronunciation: [kaɾate] ( mind ); Okinawan pronunciation: [kaɽati]) is a martial art adult in the Ryukyu Kingdom. It developed from the indigenous Ryukyuan martial arts (called te ( 手 ), "hand"; tii in Okinawan) under the influence of Chinese martial arts, particularly Fujian White Crane.[1] [two] Karate is now predominantly a hit art using punching, kicking, knee joint strikes, elbow strikes and open-manus techniques such every bit knife-hands, spear-hands and palm-heel strikes. Historically, and in some modern styles, grappling, throws, joint locks, restraints and vital-point strikes are as well taught.[iii] A karate practitioner is chosen a karateka ( 空手家 ).

The Empire of Nihon annexed the Ryukyu Kingdom in 1879. Karate came to mainland Nihon in the early 20th century during a time of migration as Ryukyuans, especially from Okinawa, looked for work in the main islands of Japan.[4] It was systematically taught in Japan later on the Taishō era of 1912–1926.[5] In 1922, the Japanese Ministry of Educational activity invited Gichin Funakoshi to Tokyo to give a karate demonstration. In 1924, Keio University established the first university karate lodge in mainland Japan, and by 1932 major Japanese universities had karate clubs.[six] In this era of escalating Japanese militarism,[7] the name was changed from 唐手 ("Chinese hand" or "Tang hand")[viii] to 空手 ("empty hand") – both of which are pronounced karate in Japanese – to indicate that the Japanese wished to develop the combat class in Japanese style.[9] After World War II, Okinawa became (1945) an important U.s. military site and karate became popular among servicemen stationed at that place.[10] [11]

The martial arts movies of the 1960s and 1970s served to greatly increment the popularity of martial arts around the earth, and English language-speakers began to use the word karate in a generic way to refer to all striking-based Asian martial arts.[12] Karate schools began appearing around the earth, catering to those with coincidental interest besides as those seeking a deeper study of the fine art.

Shigeru Egami, Chief Instructor of the Shotokan dōjō, opined that "the majority of followers of karate in overseas countries pursue karate but for its fighting techniques ... Movies and boob tube ... depict karate equally a mysterious fashion of fighting capable of causing decease or injury with a unmarried blow ... the mass media present a pseudo art far from the real matter."[xiii] Shōshin Nagamine said: "Karate may be considered as the disharmonize inside oneself or as a life-long marathon which can be won only through self-subject field, hard training and one's own creative efforts."[xiv]

On 28 September 2015 karate featured on a shortlist (along with baseball, softball, skateboarding, surfing, and sport climbing) for consideration for inclusion in the 2020 Summer Olympics. On ane June 2016 the International Olympic Committee's executive lath announced they were supporting the inclusion of all five sports (counting baseball game and softball equally only ane sport) for inclusion in the 2020 Games.

Web Japan (sponsored by the Japanese Ministry building of Foreign Affairs) claims that karate has 50 million practitioners worldwide,[xv] while the World Karate Federation claims there are 100 million practitioners around the earth.[sixteen]

Etymology [edit]

Karate was originally written as "Chinese mitt" ( 唐手 , literally "Tang dynasty hand") in kanji. Information technology was changed to a homophone significant empty hand (空手) in 1935. The original use of the word "karate" in impress is attributed to Ankō Itosu; he wrote information technology equally "唐手". The Tang Dynasty of China ended in Advert 907, but the kanji representing it remains in utilise in Japanese linguistic communication referring to China generally, in such words every bit "唐人街" meaning Chinatown. Thus the word "karate" was originally a way of expressing "martial art from China."

Since there are no written records it is non known definitely whether the kara in karate was originally written with the grapheme 唐 meaning China or the graphic symbol 空 meaning empty. During the fourth dimension when admiration for Prc and things Chinese was at its summit in the Ryūkyūs it was the custom to use the sometime character when referring to things of fine quality. Influenced by this practise, in contempo times karate has begun to be written with the character 唐 to give it a sense of grade or elegance.

—Gichin Funakoshi[17]

The commencement documented utilise of a homophone of the logogram pronounced kara by replacing the Chinese character meaning "Tang Dynasty" with the character significant "empty" took place in Karate Kumite written in August 1905 past Chōmo Hanashiro (1869–1945). Sino-Japanese relations have never been very good and especially at the fourth dimension of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, referring to the Chinese origins of karate was considered politically incorrect.[eighteen]

In 1933, the Okinawan art of karate was recognized equally a Japanese martial art past the Japanese Martial Arts Committee known as the "Butoku Kai". Until 1935, "karate" was written as "唐手" (Chinese paw). But in 1935, the masters of the various styles of Okinawan karate conferred to decide a new name for their fine art. They decided to call their art "karate" written in Japanese characters equally "空手" (empty manus).[19]

Another nominal development is the improver of dō (道:どう) to the stop of the discussion karate. Dō is a suffix having numerous meanings including route, path, route and way. Information technology is used in many martial arts that survived Japan's transition from feudal culture to mod times. It implies that these arts are not merely fighting systems but contain spiritual elements when promoted as disciplines. In this context dō is normally translated as "the manner of ___". Examples include aikido, judo, kyūdō and kendo. Thus karatedō is more than just empty hand techniques. It is "The Way of the Empty Hand".

History [edit]

Okinawa [edit]

Karate began as a common fighting system known as te (Okinawan: ti) among the Pechin class of the Ryukyuans. After trade relationships were established with the Ming dynasty of China in 1372 by Male monarch Satto of Chūzan, some forms of Chinese martial arts were introduced to the Ryukyu Islands by the visitors from Cathay, specially Fujian Province. A large grouping of Chinese families moved to Okinawa around 1392 for the purpose of cultural exchange, where they established the community of Kumemura and shared their cognition of a wide variety of Chinese arts and sciences, including the Chinese martial arts. The political centralization of Okinawa by King Shō Hashi in 1429 and the policy of banning weapons by King Shō Shin in 1477, later enforced in Okinawa afterward the invasion by the Shimazu clan in 1609, are besides factors that furthered the development of unarmed gainsay techniques in Okinawa.[2]

There were few formal styles of te, merely rather many practitioners with their ain methods. One surviving example is the Motobu-ryū schoolhouse passed down from the Motobu family by Seikichi Uehara.[20] Early on styles of karate are often generalized as Shuri-te, Naha-te, and Tomari-te, named afterward the three cities from which they emerged.[19] Each area and its teachers had particular kata, techniques, and principles that distinguished their local version of te from the others.

Members of the Okinawan upper classes were sent to China regularly to written report various political and practical disciplines. The incorporation of empty-handed Chinese Kung Fu into Okinawan martial arts occurred partly because of these exchanges and partly because of growing legal restrictions on the use of weaponry. Traditional karate kata bear a strong resemblance to the forms found in Fujian martial arts such as Fujian White Crane, Five Ancestors, and Gangrou-quan (Hard Soft Fist; pronounced "Gōjūken" in Japanese).[21] Many Okinawan weapons such as the sai, tonfa, and nunchaku may have originated in and around Southeast Asia.[ citation needed ]

Sakukawa Kanga (1782–1838) had studied pugilism and staff (bo) fighting in Prc (co-ordinate to ane legend, under the guidance of Kosokun, originator of kusanku kata). In 1806, he started educational activity a fighting art in the city of Shuri that he called "Tudi Sakukawa," which meant "Sakukawa of Prc Paw." This was the first known recorded reference to the fine art of "Tudi," written equally 唐手. Effectually the 1820s Sakukawa's most meaning student Matsumura Sōkon (1809–1899) taught a synthesis of te (Shuri-te and Tomari-te) and Shaolin (Chinese 少林) styles.[ citation needed ] Matsumura's style would later on get the Shōrin-ryū style.

Matsumura taught his art to Itosu Ankō (1831–1915) among others. Itosu adapted two forms he had learned from Matsumura. These are kusanku and chiang nan.[22] He created the ping'an forms ("heian" or "pinan" in Japanese) which are simplified kata for starting time students. In 1901, Itosu helped to get karate introduced into Okinawa's public schools. These forms were taught to children at the uncomplicated school level. Itosu's influence in karate is broad. The forms he created are common across nearly all styles of karate. His students became some of the well-nigh well-known karate masters, including Gichin Funakoshi, Kenwa Mabuni, and Chōki Motobu. Itosu is sometimes referred to as "the Granddaddy of Mod Karate."[23]

In 1881, Higaonna Kanryō returned from Mainland china after years of pedagogy with Ryu Ryu Ko and founded what would get Naha-te. Ane of his students was the founder of Gojū-ryū, Chōjun Miyagi. Chōjun Miyagi taught such well-known karateka every bit Seko Higa (who besides trained with Higaonna), Meitoku Yagi, Miyazato Ei'ichi, and Seikichi Toguchi, and for a very brief time almost the end of his life, An'ichi Miyagi (a teacher claimed by Morio Higaonna).

In addition to the 3 early te styles of karate a 4th Okinawan influence is that of Uechi Kanbun (1877–1948). At the historic period of xx he went to Fuzhou in Fujian Province, China, to escape Japanese military conscription. While at that place he studied nether Shū Shiwa (Chinese: Zhou Zihe 周子和 1874-1926).[24] He was a leading figure of Chinese Nanpa Shorin-ken style at that time.[25] He later developed his ain way of Uechi-ryū karate based on the Sanchin, Seisan, and Sanseiryu kata that he had studied in China.[26]

Japan [edit]

Gichin Funakoshi, the founder of Shotokan karate, is generally credited with having introduced and popularized karate on the principal islands of Nippon. In addition, many Okinawans were actively instruction, and are thus also responsible for the development of karate on the main islands. Funakoshi was a student of both Asato Ankō and Itosu Ankō (who had worked to innovate karate to the Okinawa Prefectural Schoolhouse Organisation in 1902). During this time period, prominent teachers who too influenced the spread of karate in Nippon included Kenwa Mabuni, Chōjun Miyagi, Chōki Motobu, Kanken Tōyama, and Kanbun Uechi. This was a turbulent flow in the history of the region. Information technology includes Nihon's annexation of the Okinawan island group in 1872, the First Sino-Japanese State of war (1894–1895), the Russo-Japanese State of war (1904–1905), the annexation of Korea, and the ascension of Japanese militarism (1905–1945).

Japan was invading People's republic of china at the time, and Funakoshi knew that the fine art of Tang/China manus would not be accepted; thus the change of the art'southward name to "way of the empty paw." The dō suffix implies that karatedō is a path to self-cognition, not just a study of the technical aspects of fighting. Like nigh martial arts practised in Japan, karate made its transition from -jutsu to -dō around the start of the 20th century. The "dō" in "karate-dō" sets information technology apart from karate-jutsu, equally aikido is distinguished from aikijutsu, judo from jujutsu, kendo from kenjutsu and iaido from iaijutsu.

Funakoshi changed the names of many kata and the name of the art itself (at least on mainland Japan), doing so to become karate accepted by the Japanese budō arrangement Dai Japan Butoku Kai. Funakoshi besides gave Japanese names to many of the kata. The five pinan forms became known as heian, the three naihanchi forms became known as tekki, seisan every bit hangetsu, Chintō as gankaku, wanshu as enpi, so on. These were mostly political changes, rather than changes to the content of the forms, although Funakoshi did introduce some such changes. Funakoshi had trained in ii of the popular branches of Okinawan karate of the time, Shorin-ryū and Shōrei-ryū. In Nihon he was influenced by kendo, incorporating some ideas virtually distancing and timing into his way. He ever referred to what he taught every bit simply karate, only in 1936 he congenital a dōjō in Tokyo and the style he left behind is unremarkably called Shotokan subsequently this dōjō. Shoto, meaning "pino wave", was Funakoshi'southward pen name and kan meaning "hall".

The modernization and systemization of karate in Japan also included the adoption of the white compatible that consisted of the kimono and the dogi or keikogi—generally called simply karategi—and coloured belt ranks. Both of these innovations were originated and popularized by Jigoro Kano, the founder of judo and one of the men Funakoshi consulted in his efforts to modernize karate.

A new form of karate chosen Kyokushin was formally founded in 1957 by Masutatsu Oyama (who was built-in a Korean, Choi Yeong-Eui 최영의). Kyokushin is largely a synthesis of Shotokan and Gōjū-ryū. It teaches a curriculum that emphasizes aliveness, physical toughness, and full contact sparring. Because of its emphasis on physical, total-forcefulness sparring, Kyokushin is now oft called "full contact karate", or "Knockdown karate" (after the proper name for its contest rules). Many other karate organizations and styles are descended from the Kyokushin curriculum.

Practise [edit]

Karate can exist practiced as an art (budō), self defence or every bit a combat sport. Traditional karate places emphasis on self-evolution (budō).[27] Modern Japanese mode training emphasizes the psychological elements incorporated into a proper kokoro (attitude) such every bit perseverance, fearlessness, virtue, and leadership skills. Sport karate places emphasis on exercise and competition. Weapons are an important training activity in some styles of karate.

Karate preparation is commonly divided into kihon (basics or fundamentals), kata (forms), and kumite (sparring).

Kihon [edit]

Kihon means nuts and these form the base for everything else in the mode including stances, strikes, punches, kicks and blocks. Karate styles identify varying importance on kihon. Typically this is grooming in unison of a technique or a combination of techniques by a group of karateka. Kihon may also be prearranged drills in smaller groups or in pairs.

Kata [edit]

Chōki Motobu in Naihanchi-dachi, one of the basic karate stances

Kata (型:かた) means literally "shape" or "model." Kata is a formalized sequence of movements which represent diverse offensive and defensive postures. These postures are based on arcadian combat applications. The applications when applied in a demonstration with real opponents is referred to every bit a Bunkai. The Bunkai shows how every opinion and motility is used. Bunkai is a useful tool to understand a kata.

To achieve a formal rank the karateka must demonstrate competent functioning of specific required kata for that level. The Japanese terminology for grades or ranks is unremarkably used. Requirements for examinations vary amongst schools.

Kumite [edit]

Sparring in Karate is called kumite (組手:くみて). Information technology literally means "meeting of easily." Kumite is good both as a sport and as self-defense training.

Levels of physical contact during sparring vary considerably. Full contact karate has several variants. Knockdown karate (such every bit Kyokushin) uses full ability techniques to bring an opponent to the ground. In kickboxing variants (for case M-1), the preferred win is by knockout. Sparring in armour, bogu kumite, allows full power techniques with some safety. Sport kumite in many international contest under the World Karate Federation is free or structured with light contact or semi contact and points are awarded by a referee.

In structured kumite (yakusoku, prearranged), 2 participants perform a choreographed series of techniques with i striking while the other blocks. The form ends with one devastating technique (hito tsuki).

In complimentary sparring (Jiyu Kumite), the 2 participants accept a free choice of scoring techniques. The allowed techniques and contact level are primarily determined by sport or style organization policy, just might be modified according to the historic period, rank and sex of the participants. Depending upon style, have-downs, sweeps and in some rare cases fifty-fifty time-express grappling on the ground are also allowed.

Gratis sparring is performed in a marked or closed area. The bout runs for a fixed time (2 to 3 minutes.) The time can run continuously (iri kume) or be stopped for referee judgment. In calorie-free contact or semi contact kumite, points are awarded based on the criteria: good form, sporting attitude, vigorous application, awareness/zanshin, good timing and right distance. In full contact karate kumite, points are based on the results of the impact, rather than the formal appearance of the scoring technique.

Dōjō Kun [edit]

In the bushidō tradition dōjō kun is a set of guidelines for karateka to follow. These guidelines utilize both in the dōjō (training hall) and in everyday life.

Workout [edit]

Okinawan karate uses supplementary preparation known equally hojo undo. This utilizes uncomplicated equipment made of wood and stone. The makiwara is a hit post. The nigiri game is a large jar used for developing grip strength. These supplementary exercises are designed to increment strength, stamina, speed, and muscle coordination.[28] Sport Karate emphasizes aerobic do, anaerobic exercise, ability, agility, flexibility, and stress management.[29] All practices vary depending upon the school and the teacher.

Sport [edit]

Gichin Funakoshi ( 船越 義珍 ) said, "There are no contests in karate."[30] In pre–Globe War II Okinawa, kumite was not function of karate preparation.[31] Shigeru Egami relates that, in 1940, some karateka were ousted from their dōjō because they adopted sparring after having learned it in Tokyo.[32]

Karate is divided into manner organizations.[33] These organizations sometimes cooperate in not-style specific sport karate organizations or federations. Examples of sport organizations include AAKF/ITKF, AOK, TKL, AKA, WKF, NWUKO, WUKF and WKC.[34] Organizations concur competitions (tournaments) from local to international level. Tournaments are designed to lucifer members of opposing schools or styles confronting ane another in kata, sparring and weapons demonstration. They are oft separated by age, rank and sex with potentially dissimilar rules or standards based on these factors. The tournament may be exclusively for members of a particular manner (closed) or ane in which any martial artist from any way may participate within the rules of the tournament (open).

The Earth Karate Federation (WKF) is the largest sport karate organisation and is recognized past the International Olympic Committee (IOC) equally being responsible for karate competition in the Olympic Games.[35] The WKF has developed common rules governing all styles. The national WKF organizations coordinate with their respective National Olympic Committees.

WKF karate contest has two disciplines: sparring (kumite) and forms (kata).[36] Competitors may enter either as individuals or every bit part of a squad. Evaluation for kata and kobudō is performed by a console of judges, whereas sparring is judged by a head referee, usually with banana referees at the side of the sparring area. Sparring matches are typically divided past weight, historic period, gender, and experience.[37]

WKF only allows membership through 1 national organization/federation per state to which clubs may join. The World Union of Karate-do Federations (WUKF)[38] offers dissimilar styles and federations a earth body they may join, without having to compromise their mode or size. The WUKF accepts more one federation or clan per state.

Sport organizations utilise dissimilar competition dominion systems.[33] [37] [39] [forty] [41] Lite contact rules are used by the WKF, WUKO, IASK and WKC. Total contact karate rules used past Kyokushinkai, Seidokaikan and other organizations. Bogu kumite (total contact with protective shielding of targets) rules are used in the World Koshiki Karate-Do Federation organization.[42] Shinkaratedo Federation use boxing gloves.[43] Within the United States, rules may be under the jurisdiction of state sports government, such as the battle commission.

In August 2016, the International Olympic Committee approved karate equally an Olympic sport beginning at the 2020 Summer Olympics.[44] [45]

Karate, although not widely used in mixed martial arts, has been constructive for some MMA practitioners.[46] [47] Various styles of karate are practiced in MMA: Lyoto Machida and John Makdessi exercise Shotokan;[48] Bas Rutten and Georges St-Pierre train in Kyokushin;[49] Michelle Waterson holds a black belt in American Free Way Karate;[50] Stephen Thompson practices American Kenpo Karate;[51] and Robert Whittaker practices Gōjū-ryū.[52]

Rank [edit]

Karatekas wearing different colored belts

See likewise: Kyū

In 1924, Gichin Funakoshi, founder of Shotokan Karate, adopted the Dan system from the judo founder Jigoro Kano[53] using a rank scheme with a limited set of chugalug colors. Other Okinawan teachers too adopted this exercise. In the Kyū/Dan arrangement the beginner grades get-go with a higher numbered kyū (due east.m., 10th Kyū or Jukyū) and progress toward a lower numbered kyū. The Dan progression continues from 1st Dan (Shodan, or 'beginning dan') to the higher dan grades. Kyū-grade karateka are referred to as "color belt" or mudansha ("ones without dan/rank"). Dan-grade karateka are referred to as yudansha (holders of dan/rank). Yudansha typically habiliment a black belt. Normally, the outset five to half-dozen dans are given by exam past superior dan holders, while the subsequent (7 and up) are honorary, given for special merits and/or age reached. Requirements of rank differ among styles, organizations, and schools. Kyū ranks stress stance, balance, and coordination. Speed and power are added at higher grades.

Minimum historic period and time in rank are factors affecting promotion. Testing consists of sit-in of techniques earlier a panel of examiners. This will vary past school, but testing may include everything learned at that indicate, or but new information. The demonstration is an application for new rank (shinsa) and may include kata, bunkai, self-defense, routines, tameshiwari (breaking), and kumite (sparring).

Philosophy [edit]

In Karate-Do Kyohan, Funakoshi quoted from the Heart Sutra, which is prominent in Shingon Buddhism: "Form is emptiness, emptiness is grade itself" (shiki zokuze kū kū zokuze shiki).[54] He interpreted the "kara" of Karate-dō to mean "to purge oneself of selfish and evil thoughts ... for only with a articulate mind and censor can the practitioner empathize the knowledge which he receives." Funakoshi believed that one should exist "inwardly humble and outwardly gentle." Only by behaving humbly can one exist open to Karate's many lessons. This is done by listening and being receptive to criticism. He considered courtesy of prime number importance. He said that "Karate is properly applied only in those rare situations in which one really must either down some other or exist downed by him." Funakoshi did non consider it unusual for a devotee to use Karate in a real physical confrontation no more than perhaps once in a lifetime. He stated that Karate practitioners must "never exist hands fatigued into a fight." It is understood that one blow from a real skilful could hateful decease. It is clear that those who misuse what they accept learned bring dishonor upon themselves. He promoted the character trait of personal confidence. In "time of grave public crisis, one must have the backbone ... to face up a million and one opponents." He taught that indecisiveness is a weakness.[55]

Earth [edit]

Africa [edit]

Karate has grown in popularity in Africa, peculiarly in South Africa and Ghana.[56] [57] [58]

Americas [edit]

Canada [edit]

Karate began in Canada in the 1930s and 1940s as Japanese people immigrated to the country. Karate was practised quietly without a large amount of organization. During the Second World War, many Japanese-Canadian families were moved to the interior of British Columbia. Masaru Shintani, at the age of 13, began to study Shorin-Ryu karate in the Japanese army camp nether Kitigawa. In 1956, after 9 years of training with Kitigawa, Shintani travelled to Japan and met Hironori Otsuka (Wado Ryu). In 1958, Otsuka invited Shintani to join his organization Wado Kai, and in 1969 he asked Shintani to officially telephone call his style Wado.[59]

In Canada during this same time, karate was also introduced by Masami Tsuruoka who had studied in Japan in the 1940s under Tsuyoshi Chitose.[60] In 1954, Tsuruoka initiated the offset karate contest in Canada and laid the foundation for the National Karate Clan.[60]

In the late 1950s Shintani moved to Ontario and began teaching karate and judo at the Japanese Cultural Centre in Hamilton. In 1966, he began (with Otsuka's endorsement) the Shintani Wado Kai Karate Federation. During the 1970s Otsuka appointed Shintani the Supreme Instructor of Wado Kai in Northward America. In 1979, Otsuka publicly promoted Shintani to hachidan (8th dan) and privately gave him a kudan certificate (9th dan), which was revealed by Shintani in 1995. Shintani and Otsuka visited each other in Nihon and Canada several times, the last fourth dimension in 1980 two years prior to Otsuka'south expiry. Shintani died 7 May 2000.[59]

Us [edit]

Later World War Ii, members of the United States military learned karate in Okinawa or Japan and then opened schools in the US. In 1945, Robert Trias opened the first dōjō in the United states in Phoenix, Arizona, a Shuri-ryū karate dōjō.[61] In the 1950s, William J. Dometrich, Ed Parker, Cecil T. Patterson, Gordon Doversola, Donald Hugh Nagle, George Mattson and Peter Urban all began instructing in the US.

Tsutomu Ohshima began studying karate under Shotokan'due south founder, Gichin Funakoshi, while a student at Waseda Academy, commencement in 1948. In 1957, Ohshima received his godan (fifth-caste black belt), the highest rank awarded by Funakoshi. He founded the kickoff university karate club in the U.s. at California Constitute of Engineering in 1957. In 1959, he founded the Southern California Karate Association (SCKA) which was renamed Shotokan Karate of America (SKA) in 1969.

In the 1960s, Anthony Mirakian, Richard Kim, Teruyuki Okazaki, John Pachivas, Allen Steen, Gosei Yamaguchi (son of Gōgen Yamaguchi), Michael Thousand. Foster and Pat Burleson began pedagogy martial arts around the land.[62]

In 1961, Hidetaka Nishiyama, a co-founder of the Nippon Karate Association (JKA) and pupil of Gichin Funakoshi, began teaching in the United States. He founded the International Traditional Karate Federation (ITKF). Takayuki Mikami was sent to New Orleans by the JKA in 1963.

In 1964, Takayuki Kubota relocated the International Karate Association from Tokyo to California.

Asia [edit]

Korea [edit]

Due to past conflict betwixt Korea and Japan, virtually notably during the Japanese occupation of Korea in the early 20th century, the influence of karate in Korea is a contentious issue.[63] From 1910 until 1945, Korea was annexed past the Japanese Empire. It was during this fourth dimension that many of the Korean martial arts masters of the 20th century were exposed to Japanese karate. Later regaining independence from Nippon, many Korean martial arts schools that opened upwards in the 1940s and 1950s were founded past masters who had trained in karate in Nihon every bit part of their martial arts preparation.

Won Kuk Lee, a Korean student of Funakoshi, founded the kickoff martial arts school after the Japanese occupation of Korea ended in 1945, called the Chung Do Kwan. Having studied under Gichin Funakoshi at Chuo Academy, Lee had incorporated taekkyon, kung fu, and karate in the martial art that he taught which he chosen "Tang Soo Do", the Korean transliteration of the Chinese characters for "Way of Chinese Hand" (唐手道).[64] In the mid-1950s, the martial arts schools were unified nether President Rhee Syngman's order, and became taekwondo under the leadership of Choi Hong Hi and a committee of Korean masters. Choi, a significant figure in taekwondo history, had also studied karate under Funakoshi. Karate also provided an important comparative model for the early on founders of taekwondo in the formalization of their fine art including hyung and the belt ranking arrangement. The original taekwondo hyung were identical to karate kata. Eventually, original Korean forms were developed by private schools and associations. Although the World Taekwondo Federation and International Taekwon-Do Federation are the most prominent amid Korean martial arts organizations, tang soo do schools that teach Japanese karate even so be equally they were originally conveyed to Won Kuk Lee and his contemporaries from Funakoshi.

Soviet Union [edit]

Karate appeared in the Soviet Union in the mid-1960s, during Nikita Khrushchev'due south policy of improved international relations. The first Shotokan clubs were opened in Moscow's universities.[65] In 1973, even so, the government banned karate—together with all other strange martial arts—endorsing merely the Soviet martial fine art of sambo.[66] [67] Failing to suppress these uncontrolled groups, the USSR's Sport Committee formed the Karate Federation of USSR in Dec 1978.[68] On 17 May 1984, the Soviet Karate Federation was disbanded and all karate became illegal again. In 1989, karate practice became legal again, but under strict government regulations, but afterwards the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 did contained karate schools resume functioning, and so federations were formed and national tournaments in authentic styles began.[69] [70]

Europe [edit]

In the 1950s and 1960s, several Japanese karate masters began to teach the art in Europe, but information technology was not until 1965 that the Japan Karate Clan (JKA) sent to Europe iv well-trained young Karate instructors Taiji Kase, Keinosuke Enoeda, Hirokazu Kanazawa and Hiroshi Shirai.[ commendation needed ] Kase went to France, Enoeada to England and Shirai in Italia. These Masters maintained e'er a strong link between them, the JKA and the others JKA masters in the world, especially Hidetaka Nishiyama in the US

French republic [edit]

France Shotokan Karate was created in 1964 by Tsutomu Ohshima. Information technology is affiliated with another of his organizations, Shotokan Karate of America (SKA). However, in 1965 Taiji Kase came from Japan along with Enoeda and Shirai, who went to England and Italian republic respectively, and karate came under the influence of the JKA.

Italy [edit]

Hiroshi Shirai, 1 of the original instructors sent by the JKA to Europe along with Kase, Enoeda and Kanazawa, moved to Italy in 1965 and quickly established a Shotokan enclave that spawned several instructors who in their turn soon spread the style all over the country. By 1970 Shotokan karate was the well-nigh spread martial art in Italy apart from Judo. Other styles such equally Wado Ryu, Goju Ryu and Shito Ryu, are nowadays and well established in Italia, while Shotokan remains the most pop.

United Kingdom [edit]

Vernon Bong, a 3rd Dan Judo instructor who had been instructed by Kenshiro Abbe introduced Karate to England in 1956, having attended classes in Henry Plée'southward Yoseikan dōjō in Paris. Yoseikan had been founded by Minoru Mochizuki, a master of multiple Japanese martial arts, who had studied Karate with Gichin Funakoshi, thus the Yoseikan mode was heavily influenced by Shotokan.[71] Bell began teaching in the lawn tennis courts of his parents' back garden in Ilford, Essex and his group was to become the British Karate Federation. On 19 July 1957, Vietnamese Hoang Nam third Dan, billed as "Karate champion of Indo Prc", was invited to teach by Bell at Maybush Road, but the commencement teacher from Japan was Tetsuji Murakami (1927–1987) a tertiary Dan Yoseikan nether Minoru Mochizuki and 1st Dan of the JKA, who arrived in England in July 1959.[71] In 1959, Frederick Gille set the Liverpool branch of the British Karate Federation, which was officially recognised in 1961. The Liverpool branch was based at Harold House Jewish Boys Club in Chatham Street earlier relocating to the YMCA in Everton where it became known equally the Ruby Triangle. Ane of the early members of this branch was Andy Sherry who had previously studied Jujutsu with Jack Britten. In 1961, Edward Ainsworth, another blackbelt Judoka, set up up the first Karate study group in Ayrshire, Scotland having attended Bell'south third 'Karate Summertime School' in 1961.[71]

Outside of Bell's system, Charles Mack traveled to Japan and studied under Masatoshi Nakayama of the Nippon Karate Association who graded Mack to 1st Dan Shotokan on four March 1962 in Japan.[71] Shotokai Karate was introduced to England in 1963 past some other of Gichin Funakoshi's students, Mitsusuke Harada.[71] Outside of the Shotokan stable of karate styles, Wado Ryu Karate was also an early adopted fashion in the UK, introduced by Tatsuo Suzuki, a 6th Dan at the time in 1964.

Despite the early adoption of Shotokan in the United kingdom, it was not until 1964 that JKA Shotokan officially came to the Great britain. Bell had been respective with the JKA in Tokyo asking for his grades to exist ratified in Shotokan having patently learnt that Murakami was not a designated representative of the JKA. The JKA obliged, and without enforcing a grading on Bong, ratified his black belt on 5 Feb 1964, though he had to relinquish his Yoseikan grade. Bell requested a visitation from JKA instructors and the next yr Taiji Kase, Hirokazu Kanazawa, Keinosuke Enoeda and Hiroshi Shirai gave the beginning JKA demo at the erstwhile Kensington Boondocks Hall on 21 April 1965. Hirokazu Kanazawa and Keinosuke Enoeda stayed and Murakami left (afterwards re-emerging as a 5th Dan Shotokai nether Harada).[71]

In 1966, members of the erstwhile British Karate Federation established the Karate Union of Great britain (KUGB) under Hirokazu Kanazawa as master instructor[72] and affiliated to JKA. Keinosuke Enoeda came to England at the aforementioned time equally Kanazawa, teaching at a dōjō in Liverpool. Kanazawa left the UK after iii years and Enoeda took over. Later Enoeda'due south death in 2003, the KUGB elected Andy Sherry equally Chief Teacher. Shortly after this, a new clan split off from KUGB, JKA England. An earlier significant split from the KUGB took identify in 1991 when a group led by KUGB senior teacher Steve Cattle formed the English language Shotokan Academy (ESA). The aim of this group was to follow the teachings of Taiji Kase, formerly the JKA chief instructor in Europe, who along with Hiroshi Shirai created the World Shotokan Karate-do Academy (WKSA), in 1989 in order to pursue the teaching of "Budo" karate equally opposed to what he viewed every bit "sport karate". Kase sought to return the practice of Shotokan Karate to its martial roots, reintroducing amid other things open up hand and throwing techniques that had been side lined as the result of competition rules introduced by the JKA. Both the ESA and the WKSA (renamed the Kase-Ha Shotokan-Ryu Karate-do Academy (KSKA) after Kase's death in 2004) keep following this path today. In 1975, Swell United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland became the commencement team ever to take the World male team title from Japan after beingness defeated the previous twelvemonth in the terminal.

In moving-picture show and pop civilization [edit]

Karate spread apace in the West through popular culture. In 1950s pop fiction, karate was at times described to readers in about-mythical terms, and it was credible to show Western experts of unarmed gainsay as unaware of Eastern martial arts of this kind.[73] Post-obit the inclusion of judo at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, there was growing mainstream Western involvement in Japanese martial arts, especially karate, during the 1960s.[74] By the 1970s, martial arts films (especially kung fu films and Bruce Lee flicks from Hong Kong) had formed a mainstream genre and launched the "kung fu craze" which propelled karate and other Asian martial arts into mass popularity. However, mainstream Western audiences at the time generally did not distinguish between different Asian martial arts such equally karate, kung fu and tae kwon do.[51]

The Karate Kid (1984) and its sequels The Karate Kid, Part II (1986), The Karate Kid, Part III (1989) and The Adjacent Karate Child (1994) are films relating the fictional story of an American adolescent's introduction into karate.[75] [76] Its television sequel, Cobra Kai (2018), has led to similar growing interest in karate.[77] The success of The Karate Kid further popularized karate (as opposed to Asian martial arts more than mostly) in mainstream American popular culture.[51] Karate Kommandos is an animated children's show, with Chuck Norris appearing to reveal the moral lessons contained in every episode.

Many other flick stars such as Bruce Lee, Chuck Norris, Jackie Chan, Sammo Hung, and Jet Li come from a range of other martial arts.

See also [edit]

  • Comparison of karate styles
  • Japanese martial arts
  • Karate World Championships
  • Karate at the Summer Olympics
  • Karate at the World Games

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External links [edit]

  • Globe Karate Federation

brophythingaing.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate

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